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      First Inaugural Address of James Monroe

      前言:本站為你精心整理了First Inaugural Address of James Monroe范文,希望能為你的創作提供參考價值,我們的客服老師可以幫助你提供個性化的參考范文,歡迎咨詢。

      TUESDAY,MARCH4,1817

      IshouldbedestituteoffeelingifIwasnotdeeplyaffectedbythestrongproofwhichmyfellow-citizenshavegivenmeoftheirconfidenceincallingmetothehighofficewhosefunctionsIamabouttoassume.Astheexpressionoftheirgoodopinionofmyconductinthepublicservice,Iderivefromitagratificationwhichthosewhoareconsciousofhavingdoneallthattheycouldtomerititcanalonefeel.MYsensibilityisincreasedbyajustestimateoftheimportanceofthetrustandofthenatureandextentofitsduties,withtheproperdischargeofwhichthehighestinterestsofagreatandfreepeopleareintimatelyconnected.Consciousofmyowndeficiency,Icannotenteronthesedutieswithoutgreatanxietyfortheresult.FromajustresponsibilityIwillnevershrink,calculatingwithconfidencethatinmybesteffortstopromotethepublicwelfaremymotiveswillalwaysbedulyappreciatedandmyconductbeviewedwiththatcandorandindulgencewhichIhaveexperiencedinotherstations.

      IncommencingthedutiesofthechiefexecutiveofficeithasbeenthepracticeofthedistinguishedmenwhohavegonebeforemetoexplaintheprincipleswhichwouldgovernthemintheirrespectiveAdministrations.InfollowingtheirveneratedexamplemyattentionisnaturallydrawntothegreatcauseswhichhavecontributedinaprincipaldegreetoproducethepresenthappyconditionoftheUnitedStates.Theywillbestexplainthenatureofourdutiesandshedmuchlightonthepolicywhichoughttobepursuedinfuture.

      FromthecommencementofourRevolutiontothepresentdayalmostfortyyearshaveelapsed,andfromtheestablishmentofthisConstitutiontwenty-eight.ThroughthiswholetermtheGovernmenthasbeenwhatmayemphaticallybecalledself-government.Andwhathasbeentheeffect?Towhateverobjectweturnourattention,whetheritrelatestoourforeignordomesticconcerns,wefindabundantcausetofelicitateourselvesintheexcellenceofourinstitutions.DuringaperiodfraughtwithdifficultiesandmarkedbyveryextraordinaryeventstheUnitedStateshaveflourishedbeyondexample.Theircitizensindividuallyhavebeenhappyandthenationprosperous.

      UnderthisConstitutionourcommercehasbeenwiselyregulatedwithforeignnationsandbetweentheStates;newStateshavebeenadmittedintoourUnion;ourterritoryhasbeenenlargedbyfairandhonorabletreaty,andwithgreatadvantagetotheoriginalStates;theStates,respectivelyprotectedbytheNationalGovernmentunderamild,parentalsystemagainstforeigndangers,andenjoyingwithintheirseparatespheres,byawisepartitionofpower,ajustproportionofthesovereignty,haveimprovedtheirpolice,extendedtheirsettlements,andattainedastrengthandmaturitywhicharethebestproofsofwholesomelawswelladministered.Andifwelooktotheconditionofindividualswhataproudspectacledoesitexhibit!OnwhomhasoppressionfalleninanyquarterofourUnion?Whohasbeendeprivedofanyrightofpersonorproperty?WhorestrainedfromofferinghisvowsinthemodewhichhepreferstotheDivineAuthorofhisbeing?Itiswellknownthatalltheseblessingshavebeenenjoyedintheirfullestextent;andIaddwithpeculiarsatisfactionthattherehasbeennoexampleofacapitalpunishmentbeinginflictedonanyoneforthecrimeofhightreason.

      SomewhomightadmitthecompetencyofourGovernmenttothesebeneficentdutiesmightdoubtitintrialswhichputtothetestitsstrengthandefficiencyasamemberofthegreatcommunityofnations.Heretooexperiencehasaffordedusthemostsatisfactoryproofinitsfavor.JustasthisConstitutionwasputintoactionseveraloftheprincipalStatesofEuropehadbecomemuchagitatedandsomeofthemseriouslyconvulsed.Destructivewarsensued,whichhaveoflateonlybeenterminated.InthecourseoftheseconflictstheUnitedStatesreceivedgreatinjuryfromseveraloftheparties.Itwastheirinteresttostandalooffromthecontest,todemandjusticefromthepartycommittingtheinjury,andtocultivatebyafairandhonorableconductthefriendshipofall.Warbecameatlengthinevitable,andtheresulthasshownthatourGovernmentisequaltothat,thegreatestoftrials,underthemostunfavorablecircumstances.OfthevirtueofthepeopleandoftheheroicexploitsoftheArmy,theNavy,andthemilitiaIneednotspeak.

      Such,then,isthehappyGovernmentunderwhichwelive——aGovernmentadequatetoeverypurposeforwhichthesocialcompactisformed;aGovernmentelectiveinallitsbranches,underwhicheverycitizenmaybyhismeritobtainthehighesttrustrecognizedbytheConstitution;whichcontainswithinitnocauseofdiscord,nonetoputatvarianceoneportionofthecommunitywithanother;aGovernmentwhichprotectseverycitizeninthefullenjoymentofhisrights,andisabletoprotectthenationagainstinjusticefromforeignpowers.

      OtherconsiderationsofthehighestimportanceadmonishustocherishourUnionandtoclingtotheGovernmentwhichsupportsit.Fortunateasweareinourpoliticalinstitutions,wehavenotbeenlesssoinothercircumstancesonwhichourprosperityandhappinessessentiallydepend.Situatedwithinthetemperatezone,andextendingthroughmanydegreesoflatitudealongtheAtlantic,theUnitedStatesenjoyallthevarietiesofclimate,andeveryproductionincidenttothatportionoftheglobe.PenetratinginternallytotheGreatLakesandbeyondthesourcesofthegreatriverswhichcommunicatethroughourwholeinterior,nocountrywaseverhappierwithrespecttoitsdomain.Blessed,too,withafertilesoil,ourproducehasalwaysbeenveryabundant,leaving,eveninyearstheleastfavorable,asurplusforthewantsofourfellow-meninothercountries.SuchisourpeculiarfelicitythatthereisnotapartofourUnionthatisnotparticularlyinterestedinpreservingit.Thegreatagriculturalinterestofthenationprospersunderitsprotection.Localinterestsarenotlessfosteredbyit.Ourfellow-citizensoftheNorthengagedinnavigationfindgreatencouragementinbeingmadethefavoredcarriersofthevastproductionsoftheotherportionsoftheUnitedStates,whiletheinhabitantsoftheseareamplyrecompensed,intheirturn,bythenurseryforseamenandnavalforcethusformedandrearedupforthesupportofourcommonrights.Ourmanufacturesfindagenerousencouragementbythepolicywhichpatronizesdomesticindustry,andthesurplusofourproduceasteadyandprofitablemarketbylocalwantsinless-favoredpartsathome.

      Such,then,beingthehighlyfavoredconditionofourcountry,itistheinterestofeverycitizentomaintainit.Whatarethedangerswhichmenaceus?Ifanyexisttheyoughttobeascertainedandguardedagainst.

      Inexplainingmysentimentsonthissubjectitmaybeasked,Whatraisedustothepresenthappystate?HowdidweaccomplishtheRevolution?HowremedythedefectsofthefirstinstrumentofourUnion,byinfusingintotheNationalGovernmentsufficientpowerfornationalpurposes,withoutimpairingthejustrightsoftheStatesoraffectingthoseofindividuals?Howsustainandpasswithglorythroughthelatewar?TheGovernmenthasbeeninthehandsofthepeople.Tothepeople,therefore,andtothefaithfulandabledepositariesoftheirtrustisthecreditdue.HadtheeopleoftheUnitedStatesbeeneducatedindifferentprincipleshadtheybeenlessintelligent,lessindependent,orlessvirtuouscanitbebelievedthatweshouldhavemaintainedthesamesteadyandconsistentcareerorbeenblessedwiththesamesuccess?While,then,theconstituentbodyretainsitspresentsoundandhealthfulstateeverythingwillbesafe.Theywillchoosecompetentandfaithfulrepresentativesforeverydepartment.Itisonlywhenthepeoplebecomeignorantandcorrupt,whentheydegenerateintoapopulace,thattheyareincapableofexercisingthesovereignty.Usurpationisthenaneasyattainment,andanusurpersoonfound.Thepeoplethemselvesbecomethewillinginstrumentsoftheirowndebasementandruin.Letus,then,looktothegreatcause,andendeavortopreserveitinfullforce.Letusbyallwiseandconstitutionalmeasurespromoteintelligenceamongthepeopleasthebestmeansofpreservingourliberties.

      Dangersfromabroadarenotlessdeservingofattention.Experiencingthefortuneofothernations,theUnitedStatesmaybeagaininvolvedinwar,anditmayinthateventbetheobjectoftheadversepartytooversetourGovernment,tobreakourUnion,anddemolishusasanation.OurdistancefromEuropeandthejust,moderate,andpacificpolicyofourGovernmentmayformsomesecurityagainstthesedangers,buttheyoughttobeanticipatedandguardedagainst.Manyofourcitizensareengagedincommerceandnavigation,andallofthemareinacertaindegreedependentontheirprosperousstate.Manyareengagedinthefisheries.Theseinterestsareexposedtoinvasioninthewarsbetweenotherpowers,andweshoulddisregardthefaithfuladmonitionofexperienceifwedidnotexpectit.Wemustsupportourrightsorloseourcharacter,andwithit,perhaps,ourliberties.Apeoplewhofailtodoitcanscarcelybesaidtoholdaplaceamongindependentnations.Nationalhonorisnationalpropertyofthehighestvalue.Thesentimentinthemindofeverycitizenisnationalstrength.Itoughtthereforetobecherished.

      Tosecureusagainstthesedangersourcoastandinlandfrontiersshouldbefortified,ourArmyandNavy,regulateduponjustprinciplesastotheforceofeach,bekeptinperfectorder,andourmilitiabeplacedonthebestpracticablefooting.Toputourextensivecoastinsuchastateofdefenseastosecureourcitiesandinteriorfrominvasionwillbeattendedwithexpense,buttheworkwhenfinishedwillbepermanent,anditisfairtopresumethatasinglecampaignofinvasionbyanavalforcesuperiortoourown,aidedbyafewthousandlandtroops,wouldexposeustogreaterexpense,withouttakingintotheestimatethelossofpropertyanddistressofourcitizens,thanwouldbesufficientforthisgreatwork.Ourlandandnavalforcesshouldbemoderate,butadequatetothenecessarypurposes——theformertogarrisonandpreserveourfortificationsandtomeetthefirstinvasionsofaforeignfoe,and,whileconstitutingtheelementsofagreaterforce,topreservethescienceaswellasallthenecessaryimplementsofwarinastatetobebroughtintoactivityintheeventofwar;thelatter,retainedwithinthelimitsproperinastateofpeace,mightaidinmaintainingtheneutralityoftheUnitedStateswithdignityinthewarsofotherpowersandinsavingthepropertyoftheircitizensfromspoliation.Intimeofwar,withtheenlargementofwhichthegreatnavalresourcesofthecountryrenderitsusceptible,andwhichshouldbedulyfosteredintime.ofpeace,itwouldcontributeessentially,bothasanauxiliaryofdefenseandasapowerfulengineofannoyance,todiminishthecalamitiesofwarandtobringthewartoaspeedyandhonorable

      ButitoughtalwaystobeheldprominentlyinviewthatthesafetyoftheseStatesandofeverythingdeartoafreepeoplemustdependinaneminentdegreeonthemilitia.InvasionsmaybemadetooformidabletoberesistedbyanylandandnavalforcewhichitwouldcomporteitherwiththeprinciplesofourGovernmentorthecircumstancesoftheUnitedStatestomaintain.Insuchcasesrecoursemustbehadtothegreatbodyofthepeople,andinamannertoproducethebesteffect.Itisofthehighestimportance,therefore,thattheybesoorganizedandtrainedastobepreparedforanyemergency.ThearrangementshouldbesuchastoputatthecommandoftheGovernmenttheardentpatriotismandyouthfulvigorofthecountry.Ifformedonequalandjustprinciples,itcannotbeoppressive.Itisthecrisiswhichmakesthepressure,andnotthelawswhichprovidearemedyforit.Thisarrangementshouldbeformed,too,intimeofpeace,tobethebetterpreparedforwar.WithsuchanorganizationofsuchapeopletheUnitedStateshavenothingtodreadfromforeigninvasion.Atitsapproachanoverwhelmingforceofgallantmenmightalwaysbeputinmotion.

      Otherinterestsofhighimportancewillclaimattention,amongwhichtheimprovementofourcountrybyroadsandcanals,proceedingalwayswithaconstitutionalsanction,holdsadistinguishedplace.BythusfacilitatingtheintercoursebetweentheStatesweshalladdmuchtotheconvenienceandcomfortofourfellow-citizens,muchtotheornamentofthecountry,and,whatisofgreaterimportance,weshallshortendistances,and,bymakingeachpartmoreaccessibletoanddependentontheother,weshallbindtheUnionmorecloselytogether.Naturehasdonesomuchforusbyintersectingthecountrywithsomanygreatrivers,bays,andlakes,approachingfromdistantpointssoneartoeachother,thattheinducementtocompletetheworkseemstobepeculiarlystrong.AmoreinterestingspectaclewasperhapsneverseenthanisexhibitedwithinthelimitsoftheUnitedStates——aterritorysovastandadvantageouslysituated,containingobjectssogrand,souseful,sohappilyconnectedinalltheirparts!

      OurmanufacturerswilllikewiserequirethesystematicandfosteringcareoftheGovernment.Possessingaswedoalltherawmaterials,thefruitofourownsoilandindustry,weoughtnottodependinthedegreewehavedoneonsuppliesfromothercountries.Whilewearethusdependentthesuddeneventofwar,unsoughtandunexpected,cannotfailtoplungeusintothemostseriousdifficultiesItisimportant,too,thatthecapitalwhichnourishesourmanufacturersshouldbedomestic,asitsinfluenceinthatcaseinsteadofexhausting,asitmaydoinforeignhands,wouldbefeltadvantageouslyonagricultureandeveryotherbranchofindustryEquallyimportantisittoprovideathomeamarketforourrawmaterials,asbyextendingthecompetitionitwillenhancethepriceandprotectthecultivatoragainstthecasualtiesincidenttoforeignmarkets.

      WiththeIndiantribesitisourdutytocultivatefriendlyrelationsandtoactwithkindnessandliberalityinallourtransactions.Equallyproperisittopersevereinoureffortstoextendtothemtheadvantagesofcivilization.

      ThegreatamountofourrevenueandtheflourishingstateoftheTreasuryareafullproofofthecompetencyofthenationalresourcesforanyemergency,astheyareofthewillingnessofourfellow-citizenstobeartheburdenswhichthepublicnecessitiesrequire.Thevastamountofvacantlands,thevalueofwhichdailyaugments,formsanadditionalresourceofgreatextentandduration.Theseresources,besidesaccomplishingeveryothernecessarypurpose,putitcompletelyinthepoweroftheUnitedStatestodischargethenationaldebtatanearlyperiod.Peaceisthebesttimeforimprovementandpreparationofeverykind;itisinpeacethatourcommerceflourishesmost,thattaxesaremosteasilypaid,andthattherevenueismostproductive.

      TheExecutiveischargedofficiallyintheDepartmentsunderitwiththedisbursementofthepublicmoney,andisresponsibleforthefaithfulapplicationofittothepurposesforwhichitisraised.TheLegislatureisthewatchfulguardianoverthepublicpurse.Itisitsdutytoseethatthedisbursementhasbeenhonestlymade.TomeettherequisiteresponsibilityeveryfacilityshouldbeaffordedtotheExecutivetoenableittobringthepublicagentsintrustedwiththepublicmoneystrictlyandpromptlytoaccount.Nothingshouldbepresumedagainstthem;butif,withtherequisitefacilities,thepublicmoneyissufferedtolielonganduselesslyintheirhands,theywillnotbetheonlydefaulters,norwillthedemoralizingeffectbeconfinedtothem.ItwillevincearelaxationandwantoftoneintheAdministrationwhichwillbefeltbythewholecommunity.IshalldoallIcantosecureeconomyandfidelityinthisimportantbranchoftheAdministration,andIdoubtnotthattheLegislaturewillperformitsdutywithequalzeal.Athoroughexaminationshouldberegularlymade,andIwillpromoteit.

      ItisparticularlygratifyingtometoenteronthedischargeofthesedutiesatatimewhentheUnitedStatesareblessedwithpeace.Itisastatemostconsistentwiththeirprosperityandhappiness.Itwillbemysinceredesiretopreserveit,sofarasdependsontheExecutive,onjustprincipleswithallnations,claimingnothingunreasonableofanyandrenderingtoeachwhatisdue.

      EquallygratifyingisittowitnesstheincreasedharmonyofopinionwhichpervadesourUnion.Discorddoesnotbelongtooursystem.UnionisrecommendedaswellbythefreeandbenignprinciplesofourGovernment,extendingitsblessingstoeveryindividual,asbytheothereminentadvantagesattendingit.TheAmericanpeoplehaveencounteredtogethergreatdangersandsustainedseveretrialswithsuccess.Theyconstituteonegreatfamilywithacommoninterest.Experiencehasenlightenedusonsomequestionsofessentialimportancetothecountry.Theprogresshasbeenslow,dictatedbyajustreflectionandafaithfulregardtoeveryinterestconnectedwithit.TopromotethisharmonyinaccordwiththeprinciplesofourrepublicanGovernmentandinamannertogivethemthemostcompleteeffect,andtoadvanceinallotherrespectsthebestinterestsofourUnion,willbetheobjectofmyconstantandzealousexertions.

      Neverdidagovernmentcommenceunderauspicessofavorable,noreverwassuccesssocomplete.Ifwelooktothehistoryofothernations,ancientormodern,wefindnoexampleofagrowthsorapid,sogigantic,ofapeoplesoprosperousandhappy.Incontemplatingwhatwehavestilltoperform,theheartofeverycitizenmustexpandwithjoywhenhereflectshownearourGovernmenthasapproachedtoperfection;thatinrespecttoitwehavenoessentialimprovementtomake;thatthegreatobjectistopreserveitintheessentialprinciplesandfeatureswhichcharacterizeit,andthatistobedonebypreservingthevirtueandenlighteningthemindsofthepeople;andasasecurityagainstforeigndangerstoadoptsucharrangementsasareindispensabletothesupportofourindependence,ourrightsandliberties.Ifwepersevereinthecareerinwhichwehaveadvancedsofarandinthepathalreadytraced,wecannotfail,underthefavorofagraciousProvidence,toattainthehighdestinywhichseemstoawaitus.

      IntheAdministrationsoftheillustriousmenwhohaveprecededmeinthishighstation,withsomeofwhomIhavebeenconnectedbytheclosesttiesfromearlylife,examplesarepresentedwhichwillalwaysbefoundhighlyinstructiveandusefultotheirsuccessors.FromtheseIshallendeavortoderivealltheadvantageswhichtheymayafford.Ofmyimmediatepredecessor,underwhomsoimportantaportionofthisgreatandsuccessfulexperimenthasbeenmade,Ishallbepardonedforearnestwishesthathemaylongenjoyinhisretirementtheaffectionsofagratefulcountry,thebestrewardofexaltedtalentsandthemostfaithfulandmeritoriousservice.RelyingontheaidtobederivedfromtheotherdepartmentsoftheGovernment,IenteronthetrusttowhichIhavebeencalledbythesuffragesofmyfellow-citizenswithmyferventprayerstotheAlmightythatHewillbegraciouslypleasedtocontinuetousthatprotectionwhichHehasalreadysoconspicuouslydisplayedinourfavor.

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