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    首頁 > 文章中心 > 正文

    Second Inaugural Address of James Monroe

    前言:本站為你精心整理了Second Inaugural Address of James Monroe范文,希望能為你的創作提供參考價值,我們的客服老師可以幫助你提供個性化的參考范文,歡迎咨詢。

    Fellow-Citizens:

    Ishallnotattempttodescribethegratefulemotionswhichthenewandverydistinguishedproofoftheconfidenceofmyfellow-citizens,evincedbymyreelectiontothishightrust,hasexcitedinmybosom.TheapprobationwhichitannouncesofmyconductintheprecedingtermaffordsmeaconsolationwhichIshallprofoundlyfeelthroughlife.Thegeneralaccordwithwhichithasbeenexpressedaddstothegreatandnever-ceasingobligationswhichitimposes.Tomeritthecontinuanceofthisgoodopinion,andtocarryitwithmeintomyretirementasthesolaceofadvancingyears,willbetheobjectofmymostzealousandunceasingefforts.

    Havingnopretensionstothehighandcommandingclaimsofmypredecessors,whosenamesaresomuchmoreconspicuouslyidentifiedwithourRevolution,andwhocontributedsopreeminentlytopromoteitssuccess,IconsidermyselfratherastheinstrumentthanthecauseoftheunionwhichhasprevailedinthelateelectionInsurmounting,infavorofmyhumblepretensions,thedifficultieswhichsooftenproducedivisioninlikeoccurrences,itisobviousthatotherpowerfulcauses,indicatingthegreatstrengthandstabilityofourUnion,haveessentiallycontributedtodrawyoutogether.Thatthesepowerfulcausesexist,andthattheyarepermanent,ismyfixedopinion;thattheymayproducealikeaccordinallquestionstouching,howeverremotely,theliberty,prosperityandhappinessofourcountrywillalwaysbetheobjectofmymostferventprayerstotheSupremeAuthorofAllGood.

    Inagovernmentwhichisfoundedbythepeople,whopossessexclusivelythesovereignty,itseemsproperthatthepersonwhomaybeplacedbytheirsuffragesinthishightrustshoulddeclareoncommencingitsdutiestheprinciplesonwhichheintendstoconducttheAdministration.Ifthepersonthuselectedhasservedtheprecedingterm,anopportunityisaffordedhimtoreviewitsprincipaloccurrencesandtogivesuchfurtherexplanationrespectingthemasinhisjudgmentmaybeusefultohisconstituents.Theeventsofoneyearhaveinfluenceonthoseofanother,and,inlikemanner,ofaprecedingonthesucceedingAdministration.Themovementsofagreatnationareconnectedinalltheirparts.Iferrorshavebeencommittedtheyoughttobecorrected;ifthepolicyissounditoughttobesupported.Itisbyathoroughknowledgeofthewholesubjectthatourfellow-citizensareenabledtojudgecorrectlyofthepastandtogiveaproperdirectiontothefuture.

    JustbeforethecommencementofthelasttermtheUnitedStateshadconcludedawarwithaverypowerfulnationonconditionsequalandhonorabletobothparties.Theeventsofthatwararetoorecentandtoodeeplyimpressedonthememoryofalltorequireadevelopmentfromme.Ourcommercehadbeeninagreatmeasuredrivenfromthesea,ourAtlanticandinlandfrontierswereinvadedinalmosteverypart;thewasteoflifealongourcoastandonsomepartsofourinlandfrontiers,tothedefenseofwhichourgallantandpatrioticcitizenswerecalled,wasimmense,inadditiontowhichnotlessthan$120,000,000wereaddedatitsendtothepublicdebt.

    Assoonasthewarhadterminated,thenation,admonishedbyitsevents,resolvedtoplaceitselfinasituationwhichshouldbebettercalculatedtopreventtherecurrenceofalikeevil,and,incaseitshouldrecur,tomitigateitscalamities.Withthisview,afterreducingourlandforcetothebasisofapeaceestablishment,whichhasbeenfurthermodifiedsince,provisionwasmadefortheconstructionoffortificationsatproperpointsthroughthewholeextentofourcoastandsuchanaugmentationofournavalforceasshouldbewelladaptedtobothpurposes.Thelawsmakingthisprovisionwerepassedin1815and1816,andithasbeensincetheconstanteffortoftheExecutivetocarrythemintoeffect.

    Theadvantageofthesefortificationsandofanaugmentednavalforceintheextentcontemplated,inapointofeconomy,hasbeenfullyillustratedbyareportoftheBoardofEngineersandNavalCommissionerslatelycommunicatedtoCongress,bywhichitappearsthatinaninvasionby20,000men,withacorrespondentnavalforce,inacampaignofsixmonthsonly,thewholeexpenseoftheconstructionoftheworkswouldbedefrayedbythedifferenceinthesumnecessarytomaintaintheforcewhichwouldbeadequatetoourdefensewiththeaidofthoseworksandthatwhichwouldbeincurredwithoutthem.Thereasonofthisdifferenceisobvious.Iffortificationsarejudiciouslyplacedonourgreatinlets,asdistantfromourcitiesascircumstanceswillpermit,theywillformtheonlypointsofattack,andtheenemywillbedetainedtherebyasmallregularforceasufficienttimetoenableourmilitiatocollectandrepairtothatonwhichtheattackismade.Aforceadequatetotheenemy,collectedatthatsinglepoint,withsuitablepreparationforsuchothersasmightbemenaced,isallthatwouldberequisite.Butiftherewerenofortifications,thentheenemymightgowherehepleased,and,changinghispositionandsailingfromplacetoplace,ourforcemustbecalledoutandspreadinvastnumbersalongthewholecoastandonbothsidesofeverybayandriverashighupineachasitmightbenavigableforshipsofwar.Bythesefortifications,supportedbyourNavy,towhichtheywouldaffordlikesupport,weshouldpresenttootherpowersanarmedfrontfromSt.CroixtotheSabine,whichwouldprotectintheeventofwarourwholecoastandinteriorfrominvasion;andeveninthewarsofotherpowers,inwhichwewereneutral,theywouldbefoundeminentlyuseful,as,bykeepingtheirpublicshipsatadistancefromourcities,peaceandorderinthemwouldbepreservedandtheGovernmentbeprotectedfrominsult.

    Itneedscarcelyberemarkedthatthesemeasureshavenotbeenresortedtoinaspiritofhostilitytootherpowers.Suchadispositiondoesnotexisttowardanypower.Peaceandgoodwillhavebeen,andwillhereafterbe,cultivatedwithall,andbythemostfaithfulregardtojustice.Theyhavebeendictatedbyaloveofpeace,ofeconomy,andanearnestdesiretosavethelivesofourfellow-citizensfromthatdestructionandourcountryfromthatdevastationwhichareinseparablefromwarwhenitfindsusunpreparedforit.Itisbelieved,andexperiencehasshown,thatsuchapreparationisthebestexpedientthatcanberesortedtopreventwar.Iaddwithmuchpleasurethatconsiderableprogresshasalreadybeenmadeinthesemeasuresofdefense,andthattheywillbecompletedinafewyears,consideringthegreatextentandimportanceoftheobject,iftheplanbezealouslyandsteadilyperseveredin.

    TheconductoftheGovernmentinwhatrelatestoforeignpowersisalwaysanobjectofthehighestimportancetothenation.Itsagriculture,commerce,manufactures,fisheries,revenue,inshort,itspeace,mayallbeaffectedbyit.Attentionisthereforeduetothissubject.

    AttheperiodadvertedtothepowersofEurope,afterhavingbeenengagedinlonganddestructivewarswitheachother,hadconcludedapeace,whichhappilystillexists.Ourpeacewiththepowerwithwhomwehadbeenengagedhadalsobeenconcluded.ThewarbetweenSpainandthecoloniesinSouthAmerica,whichhadcommencedmanyyearsbefore,wasthentheonlyconflictthatremainedunsettled.Thisbeingacontestbetweendifferentpartsofthesamecommunity,inwhichotherpowershadnotinterfered,wasnotaffectedbytheiraccommodations.

    Thiscontestwasconsideredatanearlystagebymypredecessoracivilwarinwhichthepartieswereentitledtoequalrightsinourports.Thisdecision,thefirstmadebyanypower,beingformedongreatconsiderationofthecomparativestrengthandresourcesoftheparties,thelengthoftime,andsuccessfuloppositionmadebythecolonies,andofallothercircumstancesonwhichitoughttodepend,wasinstrictaccordwiththelawofnations.Congresshasinvariablyactedonthisprinciple,havingmadenochangeinourrelationswitheitherparty.Ourattitudehasthereforebeenthatofneutralitybetweenthem,whichhasbeenmaintainedbytheGovernmentwiththestrictestimpartiality.Noaidhasbeenaffordedtoeither,norhasanyprivilegebeenenjoyedbytheonewhichhasnotbeenequallyopentotheotherparty,andeveryexertionhasbeenmadeinitspowertoenforcetheexecutionofthelawsprohibitingillegalequipmentswithequalrigoragainstboth.

    Bythisequalitybetweenthepartiestheirpublicvesselshavebeenreceivedinourportsonthesamefooting;theyhaveenjoyedanequalrighttopurchaseandexportarms,munitionsofwar,andeveryothersupply,theexportationofallarticleswhateverbeingpermittedunderlawswhichwerepassedlongbeforethecommencementofthecontest;ourcitizenshavetradedequallywithboth,andtheircommercewitheachhasbeenalikeprotectedbytheGovernment.

    RespectingtheattitudewhichitmaybeproperfortheUnitedStatestomaintainhereafterbetweentheparties,Ihavenohesitationinstatingitasmyopinionthattheneutralityheretoforeobservedshouldstillbeadheredto.FromthechangeintheGovernmentofSpainandthenegotiationnowdepending,invitedbytheCortesandacceptedbythecolonies,itmaybepresumed,thattheirdifferenceswillbesettledonthetermsproposedbythecolonies.Shouldthewarbecontinued,theUnitedStates,regardingitsoccurrences,willalwayshaveitintheirpowertoadoptsuchmeasuresrespectingitastheirhonorandinterestmayrequire.

    Shortlyafterthegeneralpeaceabandofadventurerstookadvantageofthisconflictandofthefacilitywhichitaffordedtoestablishasystemofbuccaneeringintheneighboringseas,tothegreatannoyanceofthecommerceoftheUnitedStates,and,aswasrepresented,ofthatofotherpowers.OfthisspiritandofitsinjuriousbearingontheUnitedStatesstrongproofswereaffordedbytheestablishmentatAmeliaIsland,andthepurposestowhichitwasmadeinstrumentalbythisbandin1817,andbytheoccurrenceswhichtookplaceinotherpartsofFloridain1818,thedetailsofwhichinbothinstancesaretoowellknowntorequiretobenowrecited.Iamsatisfiedhadalessdecisivecoursebeenadoptedthattheworstconsequenceswouldhaveresultedfromit.Wehaveseenthatthesechecks,decisiveastheywere,werenotsufficienttocrushthatpiraticalspirit.Manyculpritsbroughtwithinourlimitshavebeencondemnedtosufferdeath,thepunishmentduetothatatrociouscrime.Thedecisionsofuprightandenlightenedtribunalsfallequallyonallwhosecrimessubjectthem,byafairinterpretationofthelaw,toitscensure.ItbelongstotheExecutivenottosuffertheexecutionsunderthesedecisionstotranscendthegreatpurposeforwhichpunishmentisnecessary.Thefullbenefitofexamplebeingsecured,policyaswellashumanityequallyforbidsthattheyshouldbecarriedfurther.Ihaveactedonthisprinciple,pardoningthosewhoappeartohavebeenledastraybyignoranceofthecriminalityoftheactstheyhadcommitted,andsufferingthelawtotakeeffectonthoseonlyinwhosefavornoextenuatingcircumstancescouldbeurged.

    GreatconfidenceisentertainedthatthelatetreatywithSpain,whichhasbeenratifiedbyboththeparties,andtheratificationswhereofhavebeenexchanged,hasplacedtherelationsofthetwocountriesonabasisofpermanentfriendship.TheprovisionmadebyitforsuchofourcitizensashaveclaimsonSpainofthecharacterdescribedwill,itispresumed,beverysatisfactorytothem,andtheboundarywhichisestablishedbetweentheterritoriesofthepartieswestwardoftheMississippi,heretoforeindispute,has,itisthought,beensettledonconditionsjustandadvantageoustoboth.ButtotheacquisitionofFloridatoomuchimportancecannotbeattached.ItsecurestotheUnitedStatesaterritoryimportantinitself,andwhoseimportanceismuchincreasedbyitsbearingonmanyofthehighestinterestsoftheUnion.ItopenstoseveraloftheneighboringStatesafreepassagetotheocean,throughtheProvinceceded,byseveralrivers,havingtheirsourceshighupwithintheirlimits.ItsecuresusagainstallfutureannoyancefrompowerfulIndiantribes.ItgivesusseveralexcellentharborsintheGulfofMexicoforshipsofwarofthelargestsize.ItcoversbyitspositionintheGulftheMississippiandothergreatwaterswithinourextendedlimits,andtherebyenablestheUnitedStatestoaffordcompleteprotectiontothevastandveryvaluableproductionsofourwholeWesterncountry,whichfindamarketthroughthosestreams.

    ByatreatywiththeBritishGovernment,bearingdateonthe20thofOctober,1818,theconventionregulatingthecommercebetweentheUnitedStatesandGreatBritain,concludedonthe3dofJuly,1815,whichwasaboutexpiring,wasrevivedandcontinuedforthetermoftenyearsfromthetimeofitsexpiration.Bythattreaty,also,thedifferenceswhichhadarisenunderthetreatyofGhentrespectingtherightclaimedbytheUnitedStatesfortheircitizenstotakeandcurefishonthecoastofHisBritannicMajesty''''sdominionsinAmerica,withotherdifferencesonimportantinterests,wereadjustedtothesatisfactionofbothparties.NoagreementhasyetbeenenteredintorespectingthecommercebetweentheUnitedStatesandtheBritishdominionsintheWestIndiesandonthiscontinent.TherestraintsimposedonthatcommercebyGreatBritain,andreciprocatedbytheUnitedStatesonaprincipleofdefense,continuestillinforce.

    ThenegotiationwithFrancefortheregulationofthecommercialrelationsbetweenthetwocountries,whichinthecourseofthelastsummerhadbeencommencedatParis,hassincebeentransferredtothiscity,andwillbepursuedonthepartoftheUnitedStatesinthespiritofconciliation,andwithanearnestdesirethatitmayterminateinanarrangementsatisfactorytobothparties.

    OurrelationswiththeBarbaryPowersarepreservedinthesamestateandbythesamemeansthatwereemployedwhenIcameintothisoffice.Asearlyas1801itwasfoundnecessarytosendasquadronintotheMediterraneanfortheprotectionofourcommerceandnoperiodhasintervened,ashorttermexcepted,whenitwasthoughtadvisabletowithdrawit.ThegreatinterestswhichtheUnitedStateshaveinthePacific,incommerceandinthefisheries,havealsomadeitnecessarytomaintainanavalforcethereIndisposingofthisforceinbothinstancesthemosteffectualmeasuresinourpowerhavebeentaken,withoutinterferingwithitsotherduties,forthesuppressionoftheslavetradeandofpiracyintheneighboringseas.

    ThesituationoftheUnitedStatesinregardtotheirresources,theextentoftheirrevenue,andthefacilitywithwhichitisraisedaffordsamostgratifyingspectacle.Thepaymentofnearly$67,000,000ofthepublicdebt,withthegreatprogressmadeinmeasuresofdefenseandinotherimprovementsofvariouskindssincethelatewar,areconclusiveproofsofthisextraordinaryprosperity,especiallywhenitisrecollectedthattheseexpenditureshavebeendefrayedwithoutaburthenonthepeople,thedirecttaxandexcisehavingbeenrepealedsoonaftertheconclusionofthelatewar,andtherevenueappliedtothesegreatobjectshavingbeenraisedinamannernottobefelt.Ourgreatresourcesthereforeremainuntouchedforanypurposewhichmayaffectthevitalinterestsofthenation.Forallsuchpurposestheyareinexhaustible.Theyaremoreespeciallytobefoundinthevirtue,patriotism,andintelligenceofourfellow-citizens,andinthedevotionwithwhichtheywouldyieldupbyanyjustmeasureoftaxationalltheirpropertyinsupportoftherightsandhonoroftheircountry.

    Underthepresentdepressionofprices,affectingalltheproductionsofthecountryandeverybranchofindustry,proceedingfromcausesexplainedonaformeroccasion,therevenuehasconsiderablydiminished,theeffectofwhichhasbeentocompelCongresseithertoabandonthesegreatmeasuresofdefenseortoresorttoloansorinternaltaxestosupplythedeficiency.Onthepresumptionthatthisdepressionandthedeficiencyintherevenuearisingfromitwouldbetemporary,loanswereauthorizedforthedemandsofthelastandpresentyear.Anxioustorelievemyfellow-citizensin1817fromeveryburthenwhichcouldbedispensedwithandthestateoftheTreasurypermittingit,Irecommendedtherepealoftheinternaltaxes,knowingthatsuchreliefwasthenpeculiarlynecessaryinconsequenceofthegreatexertionsmadeinthelatewar.ImadethatrecommendationunderapledgethatshouldthepublicexigenciesrequirearecurrencetothematanytimewhileIremainedinthistrust,Iwouldwithequalpromptitudeperformthedutywhichwouldthenbealikeincumbentonme.BytheexperimentnowmakingitwillbeseenbythenextsessionofCongresswhethertherevenueshallhavebeensoaugmentedastobeadequatetoallthesenecessarypurposes.Shouldthedeficiencystillcontinue,andespeciallyshoulditbeprobablethatitwouldbepermanent,thecoursetobepursuedappearstometobeobvious.Iamsatisfiedthatundercertaincircumstancesloansmayberesortedtowithgreatadvantage.Iamequallywellsatisfied,asageneralrule,thatthedemandsofthecurrentyear,especiallyintimeofpeace,shouldbeprovidedforbytherevenueofthatyear.

    Ihaveneverdreaded,norhaveIevershunned,inanysituationinwhichIhavebeenplacedmakingappealstothevirtueandpatriotismofmyfellow-citizens,wellknowingthattheycouldneverbemadeinvain,especiallyintimesofgreatemergencyorforpurposesofhighnationalimportance.Independentlyoftheexigencyofthecase,manyconsiderationsofgreatweighturgeapolicyhavinginviewaprovisionofrevenuetomeettoacertainextentthedemandsofthenation,withoutrelyingaltogetherontheprecariousresourceofforeigncommerce.Iamsatisfiedthatinternaldutiesandexcises,withcorrespondingimpostsonforeignarticlesofthesamekind,would,withoutimposinganyseriousburdensonthepeople,enhancethepriceofproduce,promoteourmanufactures,andaugmenttherevenue,atthesametimethattheymadeitmoresecureandpermanent.

    ThecareoftheIndiantribeswithinourlimitshaslongbeenanessentialpartofoursystem,but,unfortunately,ithasnotbeenexecutedinamannertoaccomplishalltheobjectsintendedbyit.Wehavetreatedthemasindependentnations,withouttheirhavinganysubstantialpretensionstothatrank.Thedistinctionhasflatteredtheirpride,retardedtheirimprovement,andinmanyinstancespavedthewaytotheirdestruction.Theprogressofoursettlementswestward,supportedastheyarebyadensepopulation,hasconstantlydriventhemback,withalmostthetotalsacrificeofthelandswhichtheyhavebeencompelledtoabandon.Theyhaveclaimsonthemagnanimityand,Imayadd,onthejusticeofthisnationwhichwemustallfeel.Weshouldbecometheirrealbenefactors;weshouldperformtheofficeoftheirGreatFather,theendearingtitlewhichtheyemphaticallygivetotheChiefMagistrateofourUnion.Theirsovereigntyovervastterritoriesshouldcease,inlieuofwhichtherightofsoilshouldbesecuredtoeachindividualandhisposterityincompetentportions;andfortheterritorythuscededbyeachtribesomereasonableequivalentshouldbegranted,tobevestedinpermanentfundsforthesupportofcivilgovernmentoverthemandfortheeducationoftheirchildren,fortheirinstructionintheartsofhusbandry,andtoprovidesustenanceforthemuntiltheycouldprovideitforthemselves.MyearnesthopeisthatCongresswilldigestsomeplan,foundedontheseprinciples,withsuchimprovementsastheirwisdommaysuggest,andcarryitintoeffectassoonasitmaybepracticable.

    Europeisagainunsettledandtheprospectofwarincreasing.Shouldtheflamelightupinanyquarter,howfaritmayextenditisimpossibletoforesee.Itisourpeculiarfelicitytobealtogetherunconnectedwiththecauseswhichproducethismenacingaspectelsewhere.Witheverypowerweareinperfectamity,anditisourinteresttoremainsoifitbepracticableonjustconditions.Iseenoreasonablecausetoapprehendvariancewithanypower,unlessitproceedfromaviolationofourmaritimerights.Inthesecontests,shouldtheyoccur,andtowhateverextenttheymaybecarried,weshallbeneutral;butasaneutralpowerwehaverightswhichitisourdutytomaintain.Forlikeinjuriesitwillbeincumbentonustoseekredressinaspiritofamity,infullconfidencethat,injuringnone,nonewouldknowinglyinjureus.Formoreimminentdangersweshouldbeprepared,anditshouldalwaysberecollectedthatsuchpreparationadaptedtothecircumstancesandsanctionedbythejudgmentandwishesofourconstituentscannotfailtohaveagoodeffectinavertingdangersofeverykind.Weshouldrecollectalsothattheseasonofpeaceisbestadaptedtothesepreparations.

    Ifweturnourattention,fellow-citizens,moreimmediatelytotheinternalconcernsofourcountry,andmoreespeciallytothoseonwhichitsfuturewelfaredepends,wehaveeveryreasontoanticipatethehappiestresults.Itisnowrathermorethanforty-fouryearssincewedeclaredourindependence,andthirty-sevensinceitwasacknowledged.Thetalentsandvirtueswhichweredisplayedinthatgreatstrugglewereasurepresageofallthathassincefollowed.Apeoplewhowereabletosurmountintheirinfantstatesuchgreatperilswouldbemorecompetentastheyroseintomanhoodtorepelanywhichtheymightmeetintheirprogress.Theirphysicalstrengthwouldbemoreadequatetoforeigndanger,andthepracticeofself-government,aidedbythelightofexperience,couldnotfailtoproduceaneffectequallysalutaryonallthosequestionsconnectedwiththeinternalorganization.Thesefavorableanticipationshavebeenrealized.

    Inourwholesystem,nationalandState,wehaveshunnedallthedefectswhichunceasinglypreyedonthevitalsanddestroyedtheancientRepublics.Inthemthereweredistinctorders,anobilityandapeople,orthepeoplegovernedinoneassembly.Thus,intheoneinstancetherewasaperpetualconflictbetweentheordersinsocietyfortheascendency,inwhichthevictoryofeitherterminatedintheoverthrowofthegovernmentandtheruinofthestate;intheother,inwhichthepeoplegovernedinabody,andwhosedominionsseldomexceededthedimensionsofacountyinoneofourStates,atumultuousanddisorderlymovementpermittedonlyatransitoryexistence.Inthisgreatnationthereisbutoneorder,thatofthepeople,whosepower,byapeculiarlyhappyimprovementoftherepresentativeprinciple,istransferredfromthem,withoutimpairingintheslightestdegreetheirsovereignty,tobodiesoftheirowncreation,andtopersonselectedbythemselves,inthefullextentnecessaryforallthepurposesoffree,enlightenedandefficientgovernment.Thewholesystemiselective,thecompletesovereigntybeinginthepeople,andeveryofficerineverydepartmentderivinghisauthorityfromandbeingresponsibletothemforhisconduct.

    Ourcareerhascorrespondedwiththisgreatoutline.PerfectioninourorganizationcouldnothavebeenexpectedintheoutseteitherintheNationalorStateGovernmentsorintracingthelinebetweentheirrespectivepowers.Butnoseriousconflicthasarisen,noranycontestbutsuchasaremanagedbyargumentandbyafairappealtothegoodsenseofthepeople,andmanyofthedefectswhichexperiencehadclearlydemonstratedinbothGovernmentshavebeenremedied.Bysteadilypursuingthiscourseinthisspiritthereiseveryreasontobelievethatoursystemwillsoonattainthehighestdegreeofperfectionofwhichhumaninstitutionsarecapable,andthatthemovementinallitsbrancheswillexhibitsuchadegreeoforderandharmonyastocommandtheadmirationandrespectofthecivilizedworld.

    Ourphysicalattainmentshavenotbeenlesseminent.Twenty-fiveyearsagotheriverMississippiwasshutupandourWesternbrethrenhadnooutletfortheircommerce.Whathasbeentheprogresssincethattime?TheriverhasnotonlybecomethepropertyoftheUnitedStatesfromitssourcetotheocean,withallitstributarystreams(withtheexceptionoftheupperpartoftheRedRiveronly),butLouisiana,withafairandliberalboundaryonthewesternsideandtheFloridasontheeastern,havebeencededtous.TheUnitedStatesnowenjoythecompleteanduninterruptedsovereigntyoverthewholeterritoryfromSt.CroixtotheSabine.NewStates,settledfromamongourselvesinthisandinotherparts,havebeenadmittedintoourUnioninequalparticipationinthenationalsovereigntywiththeoriginalStates.Ourpopulationhasaugmentedinanastonishingdegreeandextendedineverydirection.Wenow,fellow-citizens,comprisewithinourlimitsthedimensionsandfacultiesofagreatpowerunderaGovernmentpossessingalltheenergiesofanygovernmenteverknowntotheOldWorld,withanutterincapacitytooppressthepeople.

    EnteringwiththeseviewstheofficewhichIhavejustsolemnlysworntoexecutewithfidelityandtotheutmostofmyability,IderivegreatsatisfactionfromaknowledgethatIshallbeassistedintheseveralDepartmentsbytheveryenlightenedanduprightcitizensfromwhomIhavereceivedsomuchaidintheprecedingterm.Withfullconfidenceinthecontinuanceofthatcandorandgenerousindulgencefrommyfellow-citizensatlargewhichIhaveheretoforeexperienced,andwithafirmrelianceontheprotectionofAlmightyGod,Ishallforthwithcommencethedutiesofthehightrusttowhichyouhavecalledme.

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