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    馬歇爾計劃

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    英語演講稿+

    《歐洲復興計劃》的通稱。第二次世界大戰后美國爭奪全球戰略的重點—歐洲的擴張計劃。1947年6月5日,國務卿G.C.馬歇爾在哈佛大學發表演說,首先提出援助歐洲經濟復興的方案,故名。他說。當時歐洲經濟瀕于崩潰,糧食和燃料等物質極度匱乏,而其需要的進口量遠遠超過它的支付能力。如果沒有大量額外援助,就會面臨性質非常嚴重的經濟、社會和政治的危機。他呼吁歐洲國家采取主動,共同制訂一項經濟復興計劃,美國則用其生產過剩的物資援助歐洲國家。1947年7-9月,英、法、意、奧、比、荷、盧、瑞士、丹、挪、瑞典、葡、希、土、愛爾蘭、冰島16國的代表在巴黎開會,決定接受馬歇爾計劃(1948年4月,德國西部占領區和的里雅斯特自由區也宣布接受),建立了歐洲經濟合作委員會,提出了要求美國在4年內提供援助和貸款224億美元的總報告。1948年4月3日美國國會通過《對外援助法案》,馬歇爾計劃正式執行。計劃原定期限5年(1948-1952),1951年底,美國宣布提前結束,代之以《共同安全計劃》。美國對歐洲撥款共達131.5億美元,其中贈款占88%,余為貸款。馬歇爾計劃實施期間,西歐國家的國民生產總值增長25%。馬歇爾計劃是戰后美國對外經濟技術援助最成功的計劃,它為北大西洋公約組織和歐洲經濟共同體的建立奠定了基礎,對西歐的聯合和經濟的恢復起了促進作用,同時,也緩和了美國國內即將發生的經濟危機。

    Mr.President,Dr.Conant,membersoftheBoardofOverseers,LadiesandGentlemen:

    Iamprofoundlygrateful,touchedbythegreatdistinctionandhonorandgreatcomplimentaccordedmebytheauthoritiesofHarvardthismorning.Iamoverwhelmed,asamatteroffact,andIamratherfearfulofmyinabilitytomaintainsuchahighratingasyou''''vebeengenerousenoughtoaccordtome.Inthesehistoricandlovelysurroundings,thisperfectday,andthisverywonderfulassembly,itisatremendouslyimpressivethingtoanindividualinmyposition.

    Buttospeakmoreseriously,Ineednottellyouthattheworldsituationisveryserious.Thatmustbeapparenttoallintelligentpeople.Ithinkonedifficultyisthattheproblemisoneofsuchenormouscomplexitythattheverymassoffactspresentedtothepublicbypressandradiomakeitexceedinglydifficultforthemaninthestreettoreachaclearappraisementofthesituation.Furthermore,thepeopleofthiscountryaredistantfromthetroubledareasoftheearth,anditishardforthemtocomprehendtheplightandconsequentreactionsofthelong-sufferingpeoplesofEuropeandtheeffectofthosereactionsontheirgovernmentsinconnectionwithoureffortstopromotepeaceintheworld.

    InconsideringtherequirementsfortherehabilitationofEurope,thephysicallossoflife,thevisibledestructionofcities,factories,mines,andrailroadswascorrectlyestimated,butithasbecomeobviousduringrecentmonthsthatthisvisibledestructionwasprobablylessseriousthanthedislocationoftheentirefabricofEuropeaneconomy.Forthepasttenyearsconditionshavebeenhighlyabnormal.Thefeverishpreparationforwarandthemorefeverishmaintenanceofthewareffortengulfedallaspectsofnationaleconomies.Machineryhasfallenintodisrepairorisentirelyobsolete.UnderthearbitraryanddestructiveNazirule,virtuallyeverypossibleenterprisewasgearedintotheGermanwarmachine.Long-standingcommercialties,privateinstitutions,banks,insurancecompanies,andshippingcompaniesdisappearedthroughlossofcapital,absorptionthroughnationalization,orbysimpledestruction.Inmanycountries,confidenceinthelocalcurrencyhasbeenseverelyshaken.ThebreakdownofthebusinessstructureofEuropeduringthewarwascomplete.RecoveryhasbeenseriouslyretardedbythefactthattwoyearsafterthecloseofhostilitiesapeacesettlementwithGermanyandAustriahasnotbeenagreedupon.Butevengivenamorepromptsolutionofthesedifficultproblems,therehabilitationoftheeconomicstructureofEuropequiteevidentlywillrequireamuchlongertimeandgreatereffortthanhadbeenforeseen.

    Thereisaphaseofthism世界秘書網版權所有atterwhichisbothinterestingandserious.Thefarmerhasalwaysproducedthefoodstuffstoexchangewiththecitydwellerfortheothernecessitiesoflife.Thisdivisionoflaboristhebasisofmoderncivilization.Atthepresenttimeitisthreatenedwithbreakdown.Thetownandcityindustriesarenotproducingadequategoodstoexchangewiththefood-producingfarmer.Rawmaterialsandfuelareinshortsupply.Machinery,asIhavesaid,islackingorwornout.Thefarmerorthepeasantcannotfindthegoodsforsalewhichhedesirestopurchase.Sothesaleofhisfarmproduceformoneywhichhecannotuseseemstohimanunprofitabletransaction.He,therefore,haswithdrawnmanyfieldsfromcropcultivationandhe''''susingthemforgrazing.Hefeedsmoregraintostockandfindsforhimselfandhisfamilyanamplesupplyoffood,howevershorthemaybeonclothingandtheotherordinarygadgetsofcivilization.

    Meanwhile,peopleinthecitiesareshortoffoodandfuel,andinsomeplacesapproachingthestarvationlevels.So,thegovernmentsareforcedtousetheirforeignmoneyandcreditstoprocurethesenecessitiesabroad.Thisprocessexhaustsfundswhichareurgentlyneededforreconstruction.Thus,averyserioussituationisrapidlydevelopingwhichbodesnogoodfortheworld.Themodernsystemofthedivisionoflaboruponwhichtheexchangeofproductsisbasedisindangerofbreakingdown.ThetruthofthematteristhatEurope''''srequirementsforthenextthreeorfouryearsofforeignfoodandotheressentialproducts--principallyfromAmerica--aresomuchgreaterthanherpresentabilitytopaythatshemusthavesubstantialadditionalhelporfaceeconomic,social,andpoliticaldeteriorationofaverygravecharacter.

    TheremedyseemstolieinbreakingtheviciouscircleandrestoringtheconfidenceofthepeopleofEuropeintheeconomicfutureoftheirowncountriesandofEuropeasawhole.Themanufacturerandthefarmerthroughoutwideareasmustbeableandwillingtoexchangetheirproductforcurrencies,thecontinuingvalueofwhichisnotopentoquestion.

    Asidefromthedemoralizingeffectontheworldatlargeandthepossibilitiesofdisturbancesarisingasaresultofthedesperationofthepeopleconcerned,theconsequencestotheeconomyoftheUnitedStatesshouldbeapparenttoall.ItislogicalthattheUnitedStatesshoulddowhateveritisabletodotoassistinthereturnofnormaleconomichealthintheworld,withoutwhichtherecanbenopoliticalstabilityandnoassuredpeace.Ourpolicyisdirectednotagainstanycountryordoctrinebutagainsthunger,poverty,desperation,andchaos.Itspurposeshouldbetherevivalofaworkingeconomyintheworldsoastopermittheemergenceofpoliticalandsocialconditionsinwhichfreeinstitutionscanexist.

    Suchassistance,Iamconvinced,mustnotbeonapiecemealbasis,asvariouscrisesdevelop.AnyassistancethatthisGovernmentmayrenderinthefutureshouldprovideacureratherthanamerepalliative.Anygovernmentthatiswillingtoassistinthetaskofrecoverywillfindfullcooperation,Iamsure,onthepartoftheUnitedStatesGovernment.Anygovernmentwhichmaneuverstoblocktherecoveryofothercountriescannotexpecthelpfromus.Furthermore,governments,politicalparties,orgroupswhichseektoperpetuatehumanmiseryinordertoprofittherefrompoliticallyorotherwisewillencountertheoppositionoftheUnitedStates.

    ItisalreadyevidentthatbeforetheUnitedStatesGovernmentcanproceedmuchfurtherinitseffortstoalleviatethesituationandhelpstarttheEuropeanworldonitswaytorecovery,theremustbesomeagreementamongthecountriesofEuropeastotherequirementsofthesituationandthepartthosecountriesthemselveswilltakeinordertogiveapropereffecttowhateveractionsmightbeundertakenbythisGovernment.ItwouldbeneitherfittingnorefficaciousforourGovernmenttoundertaketodrawupunilaterallyaprogramdesignedtoplaceEuropeonitsfeeteconomically.ThisisthebusinessoftheEuropeans.Theinitiative,Ithink,mustcomefromEurope.TheroleofthiscountryshouldconsistoffriendlyaidinthedraftingofaEuropeanprogramandoflatersupportofsuchaprogramsofarasitmaybepracticalforustodoso.Theprogramshouldbeajointone,agreedtobyanumber,ifnotall,Europeannations.

    AnessentialpartofanysuccessfulactiononthepartoftheUnitedStatesisanunderstandingonthepartofthepeopleofAmericaofthecharacteroftheproblemandtheremediestobeapplied.Politicalpassionandprejudiceshouldhavenopart.Withforesight,andawillingnessonthepartofourpeopletofaceuptothevastresponsibilitywhichhistoryhasclearlyplaceduponourcountry,thedifficultiesIhaveoutlinedcanandwillbeovercome.

    IamsorrythatoneachoccasionIhavesaidsomethingpubliclyinregardtoourinternationalsituation,Ihavebeenforcedbythenecessitiesofthecasetoenterintorathertechnicaldiscussions.But,tomymind,itisofvastimportancethatourpeoplereachsomegeneralunderstandingofwhatthecomplicationsreallyare,ratherthanreactfromapassionoraprejudiceoranemotionofthemoment.

    AsIsaidmoreformallyamomentago,weareremotefromthesceneofthesetroubles.Itisvirtuallyimpossibleatthisdistancemerelybyreading,orlistening,orevenseeingphotographsandmotionpictures,tograspatalltherealsignificanceofthesituation.Andyetthewholeworldofthefuturehangsonaproperjudgment.Ithangs,Ithink,toalargeextentontherealizationoftheAmericanpeople,ofjustwhatarethevariousdominantfactors.Whatarethereactionsofthepeople?世界秘書網版權所有Whatarethejustificationsofthosereactions?Whatarethesufferings?Whatisneeded?Whatcanbestbedone?Whatmustbedone?

    Thankyouverymuch.

    文檔上傳者
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