土地換保障中英文對照翻譯

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中文：

城市化進程中失地農民的再就業安置是當前面臨的一個重要問題。對此進行理論分析和實際考察，具有重要的理論價值和現實意義。從公平與效率的關系出發，客觀分析和闡述了在我國城市化建設中，政府與市場在失地農民再就業安置中應承擔的職責，并通過考察國內外失地農民再就業安置的經驗，指出了我國政府在解決失地農民再就業安置中的責任，并提出相關建議與對策，希望有助于我國失地農民再就業安置問題的解決，有助于社會主義和諧社會的建設。

失地農民的出現是社會發展注重效率的必然結果，其再就業安置則體現了社會公平的程度。隨著人類對于自然界的認識及改造能力的增強，追求效率的結果是以群居為特征的城市的出現及社會城市化進程的加快。這是以占有原農村土地為代價的，因此就產生了大量的失地農民。所以說失地農民的出現是社會追求效率的必然結果。另一方面農民失去了土地，也就失去了原來賴以生存的手段;而且其整體文化素質不高，參政能力有待提高，這就決定了失地農民在社會上處于弱勢群體的地位。社會公平就是要解決社會上弱勢群體的平等地位。從反方面來看，如果沒有很好的解決失地農民再就業安置問題，失地農民很容易成為社會發展的消極因素，進而影響社會效率的提高。

政府作為執行公共權力的主體，在維護公平方面，起主導作用。其主要通過建立和實施相關制度，用它來規范社會中行為主體人的行為，維護社會秩序。

政府在促進就業中應承擔的職責包括以下幾個方面:提供就業政策，建立健全就業相關法規制度;為就業者提供公平的就業環境，完善就業服務體系;充分發揮比較優勢，搞好產業結構調整，多渠道、多層次、多形式開發就崗位;為失業者提供社會保障，以保證失業者在就業前的基本生活。

研究發達國家在城市化進程中對失業農民的安置過程，我們發現，各國政府都積極的發揮作用:通過立法制定嚴格的法律、法規及相應政策，盡量保護農民利益;用工廠和農場來吸收剩余勞動力，加強就業培訓、利用多種途徑促使剩余勞動力的就業;設立失地農民社會保障，降低他們的風險。

通過對長春市凈月潭旅游經濟開發區的失地農民再就業安置問題的實地研究，比較我國其它地區失地農民再就業安置情況，目前在無統一的政策規定的情況下，各級地方政府采取的就業安置模式主要有:浙江模式，以土地換保障為中心的以商業化運作為特點的多渠道多形式的就業安置模式;咸嘉的“留地集中安置，綜合開發建設”模式;南海的集體土地股份制模式;以杭州和山東為代表的開發性安置模式。綜合來看，各種安置模式都存在一些共性的問題:如目前各地幾乎還沒有真正建立失地農民的社會保障制度，保障方式單一，水平過低;政府沒有履行其應盡的職責;制度方面不能有效的保證失地農民的權益;以土地換社保的模式強調、突出了保障，但對就業能力的提高，再就業的安置關注不夠等等。

在失地農民再就業安置過程中農民自身存在的問題主要包括:文化素質和勞動技能偏低;自身的適應性較差，在思想、觀念上沒有做好充分的準備去適應這種非農轉變;農民缺乏捍衛自身權益的思想意識，不知道如何利用法律武器保護自己;農民組織化程度空前弱化，農民基本上喪失自我保護能力;失地農民中的“弱勢群體”的生活難問題尤為突出。

在失地農民再就業安置過程中政府存在的問題包括:1、政府責任錯位:政府沒有更好的為被征地者提供生活基礎—補償安置款;政府對提高失地農就業能力和再就業的安置關注不夠;個別政府和商家勾結，犧牲農民利益以謀取私利。2、由政府失職導致的制度缺失表現在:制度有效供給不足一一失地農民再就業安置法律法規不完善，相關政策落實不到位;土地征用補償制度不合理，監督機制不健全，補償費用被基層政權截留;社會保障制度缺失。

為解決上述問題，政府在對失地農民再就業安置的過程中要做到:1,政府要保證有效制度供給:首先要制定符合失地農民特點的社會保障制度;其次要完善征地制度及相關法律法規，保護被征地農民利益;再次，政府要提高自身執法水平保證各項制度法規的有效落實。2、政府有責任指導失地農民的再就業。3、政府要從多方面幫助失地農民實現再就業:首先要完善失地農民就業培訓機制和體系，幫助失地農民提高勞動技能;其次制定適合失地農民特點的就業促進政策，多創造崗位，扶持失地農民逐步致富;再次建立完善的勞動力市場體系，營造健康的就業環境。另外，為更好地解決失地農民再就業安置問題，還應充分發揮市場機制優勢，并提高農民自我維權水平。

英文：

Atpresent,wehavetofacetheseriousproblemhowtofindjobsforthepeasantswholosttheirlandintheprocessofurbanizationinchina.Therefore,itisoftheoreticalvalueandrealisticmeaningcarryingonthetheoreticalanalysisandpracticalinvestigationtotheproblem.Thepaperanalysesobjectivelyandexpoundthedutyofthegovernmentandthemarketintheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirland,andpointsoutreemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswhothegovernment''''sdutyduringlosttheirterritories,andbringsrelevantsuggestionswhich,Ihope,maybefavorabletoresolvetheproblemandconstructionofsocialistharmonioussocietyinChinathroughtheexperiencesbothathomeandabroadaboutthereemploymentandsettlementaboutthepeasantswholosttheirterritories.

Itisaninevitableoutcomeforustopayattentiontoefficiencyinsocialdevelopmentthatthepeasantslosttheirterritorytakesplace.Itreflectsthedegreeoffairnessinoursocietythattheyhasbeenreemployedandsettleddown.Withmankind''''sdevelopmentoftheabilitytounderstandandtransformnature,theresultofpursuingefficiencybringsaboutappearanceofthecitywiththecharacteristicoflivingingroupsandquickeningtheprocessofthesocialurbanization.Thisisatthecostofoccupyingtheoriginalruralland,whichmakesalargenumberofpeasantslosttheirterritories.

Therefore,itisaforegoneconclusionforthesocietytopursueefficiencythatthepeasantslosttheirland.Itsuggeststhatthepeasantslosttheirterritoriesmeanthattheylosttheoriginalwaytheydependonforexistence.Th

epooreducationofthewholepeasantsgetandtheabilitytoparticipateingovernmentandpoliticalaffairsneedsdeveloping,allofwhichdeterminethepositionofdisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietythatthepeasantslostterritorieshavetobe.Afairsocietyshouldjustsolvetheproblemoftheequalfooting,whichthedisadvantagedgroupsinthesocietyshouldget.

Otherwise,thepeasantsoflostterritoryareveryapttobecomethenegativefactorofsocialdevelopment,whichwillbeabadinfluenceontheimprovementofsocialefficiency,iftheproblemofreemployingandsettlingdownthepeasantsoflostterritoryissolvednotverywell.

Asthesubjectofcarryingoutpubicpower,thegovernmentplaysaleadingroleinkeepingfairness.Itstandardizesthebehavioralagents''''behaviorinsocietybythewaytosetupandadministerrelevantsystems,andkeepsthecivilorder.

Thedutythatthegovernmentshouldtakeinpromotingemploymentincludestherespectsasfollows:Firstly,offertheemploymentpolicies,setupandperfecttherelevantlawsandregulationsonemployment;Secondly,offerthefairemploymentenvironmenttoemployees,perfectservicesystemofemployment;Thirdly,givefullplaytocomparativeadvantage,dowellinindustrialrestructuring,tryhardtocreatetheopeningsbythemultifacetedways;Finally,offerthesocialsecuritytothejobless,soastoensuretheirbasiclifebeforetheyareemployed.

Studyingtheprocessoffindingplacesfortheunemployedpeasantsintheprocessofurbanizationinthedevelopedcountry,we''''vefoundthatthegovernmentsofvariouscountriesallshaveplayedtheroleofactivesupport.Throughlegislatingtomakethestrictlawsandregulationsandcorrespondingpolicies,whichtrytheirbesttoprotecttheinterestsofthepeasants;Absorbthesurpluslabor,strengthenemploymenttraining,impelthesurpluslaborerstobeemployedbyasmanywaysaspossible;Setupthesocialsecurityforthepeasantsoflostterritoryandreducetheirrisk.

Throughon-the-spotresearchesonthesettlementoftheproblemofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinChangchunJingyuetanTourist&EconomicDevelopmentZone,comparingthesituationsofreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesinotherareasofourcountry,underthesituationthatthereisnounifiedpoliciesandregulationsatpresent,themainreemploymentandsettlementmodesofthelocalgovernmentsareasfollows:ThemodeofZhejiang,themulti-channelandmultiformmodesofreemploymentandsettlement,takesexchanginglandforsocialsecurityaskeyandtakescommercializedoperationasitscharacteristics;themodeof"reservinglandforintegratesettlement,comprehensivedevelopmentandconstruction"hasbeenusedinXianjia;theshareholdingmodeofcollectivelandinNanhai;thetypicalcreativemodesinHangzhouCityandShandong.Ingeneral,therearesomeproblemsincommonamongthesesettlementmodes,suchasalmostnorealsocialsecuritysystemforthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesatpresenthasbeenmadeandmeanwhile,thewaysofsocialsecurityistoosimpleandfarfromperfect;thegovernmentdoesn''''tdoitsdutywhichitoughttodo;itcan''''teffectivelysecuretherightsandinterestsofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.Themodeofexchanginglandforsocialsecurityemphasizesthesocialsecurity,butdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontotheimprovementofemploymentabilityandthearrangementofreemploying,etc.

Duringthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories,thepeasantshavetheirownproblemsandtheyaremainly:education,laborskillspoor;andtheirownadaptabilityarepoor;theymakenofullpreparationforfacingthechangefromagriculturaltonon-agriculturallaborerintheconceptorideas.Peasantshavenotheideologyofdefendingtheirownrightsandinterests,don''''tknowhowtousetheweaponsoflawtoprotectthemselves;thepeasant''''sorganizationisweakenedinunprecedentedway,peasantsloseself-protectionabilitybasically;theproblemsofhardtoliveforthe"disadvantagedgroups"amongthepeasantswholosttheirterritoriesareparticularlyserious.

Intheprocessofthereemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheir

territoriesthegovernmenthastheproblemsasfollows:1.improperpositionofthegovernment''''sresponsibilities:thegovernmentdoesn''''tprovidethepeasantswhoselandisacquiredwithbetterlivingcondition-compensationforsettlement;thegovernmentdoesn''''tpayenoughattentiontoimprovingtheabilityofemploymentandreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirland;somegovernmentsandbusinessmencollaboratewitheachotherandencroachupontheinterestsofthepeasantstoseekpersonalgain.2.thegovernmentneglectsitsdutytocausethelackofinstitutionasfollows:theinsufficientoftheinstitutionaleffectivesupply-theimperfectofthelawsandregulationsonthereemploymentandsettlementofpeasantswholosttheirterritoriesandrelevantpoliciesarenotfullyimplemented;theinstitutionoflandacquisitioncompensationisunreasonable，supervisionmechanismisnotperfect,compensationexpensesarekeptbythepoliticalauthorityatroot-level;thesocialsecuritysystemislacked.

Inordertosolveabove-mentionedproblems,duringthereemploymentandsettlementaboutpeasantwholosttheirterritories,thegovernmentshouldaccomplishwhatasfollows:1.Thegovernmentshouldguaranteetheeffectiveinstitutionsupply.First,formulatethesocialsecuritysystemwhicharesuitabletothecharacteristicsofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories;second,perfecttheinstitutionoflandacquisitionandtherelevantlawsandregulationstoprotecttheinterestsofthepeasantswhoselandareacqu

ired;thelast,thegovernmentitselfshouldimproveitslaw-enforcementlevelinordertoguaranteetheeffectiveimplementofeveryinstitutionandregulation.2.Thegovernmenthastheresponsibilitytoguidethereemploymentofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.3.Thegovernmenthasthedutytohelppeasantswholostterritoriesgetreemployedinmanyways:First,perfecttheemploymentmechanismandsystemforthepeasantswholostterritories,helpthemimprovetheirlaborskills;second,formulatethepromotionalpoliciesofpromotingemploymentsuitabletothemandcreatemorepoststosupportthemtolivemorecomfortablygradually;last,setupperfectlaborforcemarketsystemandbuildfineemploymentenvironment.Inaddition,tobettersolvetheproblemofreemploymentandsettlementofthepeasantswholosttheirterritories,weshouldexploitadvantagesofthemarketmechanismtothefullandimprovethelevelofsafeguardingtheirownrightsofpeasantswholosttheirterritories.