英漢思維方式差異
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[Abstract]Duetodifferentcultures,EnglishandChinesepeoplehaveformedtheirownmodesofthought,whichinfluencetheirlivingwaysgreatly,especiallytheirownlanguages.Modeofthoughtisaverycomplicatedabstractconceptionconnectedcloselytophilosophy.InthispaperIwillmainlyconcernonEnglishindividualismandChineseentirety,becausetheirdifferenceisthemostdistinctoneexistinginmodesofthought.Englishpeoplepreferindividualism,whichleadsthemtosubordinatetherecognizedobjectsintosmallparts.WhileChinesepeoplelikeentirety,theyprefertotaketheworldasawhole.Thinkingpatternshavebeenclearlyreflectedonlanguages,asaresultofwhichEnglishishypotacticandChineseisparatactic.Thispapercentersonthedifferencesofhypotacticandparatacticcharacteristicsinlanguagesandtheirformingreasons—modesofthought.Englishpeoplepreferstomakegooduseofthehypotacticmarkerstolinkthesentencecomponents,whileChineseusuallytrytounderstandtheworldbytheirownintuition.InthispaperthedifferencesareexplainedthroughEnglish-Chinesetranslationandthestatisticsarealsogiventoprovethem.
[KeyWords]comparison;modeofthought;languages;English;Chinese
[摘要]根源于不同的文化淵源,英漢兩族人民形成了他們各自的思維模式。這種思維模式的差異深深地影響了他們的各種生活方式,尤其體現(xiàn)在語(yǔ)言上。思維模式是一個(gè)非常復(fù)雜抽象的概念,與哲學(xué)密切相關(guān)。在這篇論文中我將主要闡釋英民族的個(gè)體性思維和漢民族的整體性思維,因?yàn)樗鼈冎g的差異是思維模式中最突出的一面。英民族偏愛(ài)個(gè)體性思維,這使他們?cè)谡J(rèn)識(shí)世界時(shí)慣于將認(rèn)知對(duì)象劃分為小個(gè)體。然而,漢民族偏愛(ài)整體性思維,將世界看成一個(gè)整體。語(yǔ)言深刻地反映了思維模式的這種差異,因此就形成了英語(yǔ)的形合特征和漢語(yǔ)的意合特征。這篇論文側(cè)重闡述語(yǔ)言中的形合和意合特征以及它們各種的形成原因----思維模式。英語(yǔ)民族的人民慣于利用形合標(biāo)志連接句子成分,而漢民族卻常常應(yīng)用自身的直覺(jué)來(lái)體會(huì)世界。這篇論文將通過(guò)英譯漢的翻譯和統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)證實(shí)此觀點(diǎn)。
[關(guān)鍵詞]英漢思維；對(duì)比；語(yǔ)言；英語(yǔ)；漢語(yǔ)
1.Introduction
ThefamousWhorfhypothesisthinksthatlanguageshavedeterminingeffectsonmodesofthought,whichisformedrelativelytolanguagesanddifferentlanguageswillbringondifferentthinkingpatterns.[1]p35LiuMiqing(劉宓慶)holdstheopinionthatmodesofthoughthascontrolledoverlanguages[2]p35,andlanguagesaretheconcretemanifestationofmodesofthought.Inmyopinion,modesofthoughtdecidetheuseoflanguages,andthereasonshowlanguagesareinfluencedbymodesofthoughtshouldbeexaminedfromtheirrelationship.
Modesofthoughtandlanguagesinfluenceandreflecteachotherclosely.“Thinkingpatterns,thoughtcharacteristicsandthinkingstylesarethephilosophicalmechanismoflanguageproduction.Languageactuallyattachescloselytothethoughtthatistheprofoundmechanism.”[3]p166Thinkingpatternsarethedeep-rootedmechanismoftheforminganddevelopingoflanguages,andontheotherhandlanguageshelptopromotetheforminganddevelopingofmodesofthought.Languageisthecarrierofthinkingandabstractionofreality,andmodeofthoughtistheconsciousactivityinwhichpeople’smindsreflectandrealizetheobjectivereality.[4]p36Thedifferencesbetweenthinkingpatternsarethemainreasonsthatresultinthedifferencesoflanguageforms,soIthinkthestudyofthefeatures,thetransitionandtherelationshipoflanguagesshouldbestartedwiththestudyofmodesofthoughtwhichconnectcloselywiththeculturesandthelanguages.English-Chinesemodesofthoughthavetheirowncharacteristicsinthinkingcore,thinkingpattern,cognitionhabitsandthinkingprinciples.AsatoolforcommunicationthebasicattributeofEnglishandChinesearethesame,sotherearemanysimilaritiesduringthedescriptionandthinkingwiththetwolanguages.Butbecauseoftheinfluenceoftheirowncultures,therearemanydifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages,andbasedondifferentcomparisonfoundationtherearemanydifferentkindsofresults.
InthispaperEnglish-ChinesetranslationwillbegivenandanalyzedindetailsinordertounderstandthedifferencesofthemodesofthoughtbetweenEnglishandChinesethroughtheirlanguagemanifestations.StatisticswillbegiventoexplainthedifferencesofEnglishandChinese,whichisthefoundationformyanalyzingofthedifferencesoftheirownthinkingpatterns.Asweknow,therearemanydifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages,suchashypotaxisandparataxis,passiveandactive,staticanddynamic,impersonandperson.Butinthispassage,Iwillonlymainlydiscussfromonepointwhichishypotaxisandparataxis.AsNidastatesinhisbookthatstudyfromlinguistics,themostimportantdifferentcharacteristicbetweenChineseandEnglishisthedifferenceofparataxisandhypotaxis.[5]P13LiuMiqingholdstheopinionthathypotaxisandparataxisarethe“uniquecharacteristic”forEnglishandChinese.[6]P13Thecomparisonofthedifferencewillbedescribedthroughstatisticaldescriptionandthedeep-rootedreasonsofthinkingpatternswillalsobegiventoexplaintheformingofthelanguagedifference.
2.TheexampleoftheEnglishtoChinesetranslation
2.1Englishoriginal
Weknowthatcleanenergytechnologieshavegreatappealtothedevelopingworldbeyondthevalueweinthedevelopedworldattachtotheircapacitytolimitclimatechange.Africa,forexample,barelyaccountsfor1%ofglobalgreenhousegasemissions.It’snotsurprisingthenthatourpartnersonthiscontinentaremoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentpotentialofsustainableenergy.ThepricevolatilityofAfrica’shydrocarbonimportshasplayedhavocwitheachstate’seconomyoverrecentdecadesandstymiedprogress.REEEP(RenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyPartnership)’ssupportforprovenrenewabletechnologies,suchassolarwaterheatingandco-generation---whichofcourserelyonlocalproductswhichdon’tneedtobeimported---willgreatlyincreasethereliabilityofAfrica’senergysupply,andtherebyhelpspurdevelopment.
Thecreatingofamoreevendistributionofenergysupplywill,inturn,fuelnewemploymentandcommercialopportunities,particularlyinruralareas.Renewablesourcesthenwillhelptoaddressthesocialinequalityacrosstheglobethatweseeinthecurrentlymarkedandunacceptabledifferencebetweenrichandpoornationsintermsofaccesstoanduseofenergysupplies.[7]P269
2.2TheChinesetranslation
清潔性能源技術(shù)因?yàn)槟軌蚓徑鈿夂蜃兓艿轿覀儼l(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的青睞。同樣，這種技術(shù)對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家也有巨大的吸引力，但其價(jià)值卻不止于此。例如，非洲的溫室效應(yīng)排放量勉強(qiáng)占世界總量的1%。因此，我們?cè)诒敬箨懙幕锇楦雨P(guān)注可持續(xù)性能源的發(fā)展?jié)撃芤簿筒蛔銥槠媪恕Ｗ罱鼛资陙?lái)非洲烴進(jìn)口價(jià)格的不穩(wěn)定性已經(jīng)給各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了巨大破壞并妨礙了發(fā)展。再生性能源與能源效率合作組織（PEEEP）對(duì)已證實(shí)的再生性能源技術(shù)的資助，如太陽(yáng)能熱水器和熱電聯(lián)產(chǎn)技術(shù)—當(dāng)然，這只依賴(lài)本地產(chǎn)品，不必進(jìn)口—將大大增加非洲能源供應(yīng)的可靠性，從而促進(jìn)發(fā)展。
反過(guò)來(lái)，建立更均衡的能源供應(yīng)可以提供新的就業(yè)和商業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)，尤其是在農(nóng)村地區(qū)。在能源供應(yīng)的選擇與使用方面，我們看到富國(guó)與貧國(guó)之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距，再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會(huì)不公。[8]P274-275
3.Themainaspectofthedifferences---hypotaxisandparataxis
ResultedfromdifferentthinkingpatternstherearesomanydifferentcharacteristicsbetweenEnglishandChinese.Thecompletestudyofthelanguagecharacteristicssurelywillrequiremanyeffectsandtime,sobasedonmyownlimitedknowledge,Iwillonlytrytoexplainthecharacteristicsofhypotaxisandparataxisandtheirformingresults.
Inmyownopinionthecharacteristicsofhypotaxisandparataxisarethemostimportantdifferences,andtheanalysisofthemcanletusbetterunderstandthetwolanguagesandtheirownmodesofthought.
3.1Thedefinitionsofthetwoconcepts
Thedifferencesofhypotaxisandparataxisshouldbeexaminedbasedonthetheory,andnextIwillfirstgiveadescriptionoftheirconceptsandcombinethemtotheEnglish-Chinesetranslationanalyzingsomesentencesindetails.
3.1.1Thedefinitionofhypotaxis
Thesocalledhypotaxisreferstothecasethatthecomponentpartsofasentencearejoinedtogetherbyusingdefiniteconnectives,suchaspreposition,relativepronouns,conjunction,affixes,etc.[9]P35
3.1.2Thedefinitionofparataxis
Parataxismeansthatthecomponentpartsofthesentenceareplacedinadefiniteordertoindicatetheirrelationshipwithoutanyconnectivesinbetween.So,thesyntacticstructureappearstobesomewhatloose,butratherconciseandexpressive.[10]P36
3.2Example
(1)Englishoriginal:
Weknowthatcleanenergytechnologieshavegreatappealtothedevelopingworldbeyondthevalueweinthedevelopedworldattachtotheircapacitytolimitclimatechange.
Chineseversion:
清潔性能源技術(shù)因?yàn)槟軌蚓徑鈿夂蜃兓艿轿覀儼l(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家的青睞。同樣，這種技術(shù)對(duì)發(fā)展中國(guó)家也有巨大的吸引力，但其價(jià)值卻不止于此。
3.3Theanalysisbasedonthisexample
Inthisexamplethewordsintheitalicsarethemarkersofhypotaxis.FromthesentenceswecanseethatthereareninehypotacticmarkersintheEnglishversion,whileinitsChineseversiononlyfivemarkers.
Theconnective“that”isthemarkerofobjectiveclausetoshowthattheclauseafter“that”iswhat“Weknow”,butinitsChineseversionthephrase“Weknowthat”isnottranslatedliterally.InEnglishthephrase“Weknowthat”isthehypotacticmarkertoshowthatwhatstatedlateristhecommonknowledgeforus,andwhattheauthorwanttosayshouldbemarkedinthelanguageforms.WhileinChinesethephraseisnotneededtobetranslatedbecauseChineseisakindofparatacticlanguageanditplacestheemphasisonlogicalprocedure,functionandmeaning.InChinesesenseoverweighstructure,sothereaderscanunderstandthemeaningsbythemselves.
AlsotherearefourpropositionsintheEnglishoriginalversion,whichshowtherelationshipbetweenthephrasesbeforeandafterthesepropositions.WhileinChineseversionthereareonlyoneproposition,whichis“對(duì)”.
Whatismore,the“-ing”and“-ed”arealsothehypotacticmarkers,whichshowthedifferentdegreeofthestatesmakingtherelationshipbetweenthecomponentsveryclear,whileinChinesethereisnotanythiskindofaffixestoshowtheirrelationship.
3.4Thedescriptionofthetwoconceptsinmoredetails
JiaDejiang(賈德江)statesinhisbookofEnglish-Chinesecomparativestudyandtranslationthatthecohesivetiesincludingthreekinds,whichare:relativewordsandconjunctions,prepositionsandothermeanstoshowthechangingofthelanguageforms.[10]p78
AndnextIwillgiveasimpleclassificationtothehypotacticmarkersinordertobetteranalyzethetranslation.
3.4.1Therelativewordsandconjunctionwords
Therelativewordsincludingrelativepronoun,relativeadverb,connectivepronounandconnectiveadverbsuchas:who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,howetc.Theyareusedtoconnectprincipalsubjectiveclauseandattributiveclause,subjectiveclause,objectiveclauseandpredicativeclause.
Theconjunctionwordsincludecoordinativeandsubordinateconjunctionsuchas:and,or,but,while,as,since,until,so…that…,unless,lestetc.whichareusedtoconnectwords,phrases,andclause.WhenwearewritingEnglishsentences,theseconjunctionwordsarecommonlyusedandcannotbeneglected.ButinChinesethesewordsareseldomused.[11]p102
(2)Exampletwo:
Englishoriginal:
It’snotsurprisingthenthatourpartnersonthiscontinentaremoreconcernedwiththedevelopmentpotentialofsustainableenergy.
Chineseversion:
因此，我們?cè)诒敬箨懙幕锇楦雨P(guān)注可持續(xù)性能源的發(fā)展?jié)撃芤簿筒蛔銥槠媪恕?/p>
TheEnglishversionbelongstothe“It+be”sentencestructure.AccordingtotheCardiffGrammarbyHuangGuowen(黃國(guó)文)andFawcett,thiskindofsentencestructureiscalled“enhancedthemeconstruction”.[12]p27
AccordingtowhatisstatedbyPengXuanwei(彭宣維),therearethreekindsofenhancedthemeconstruction.“…therearethreekindsofenhancedthemeconstruction,whichareexperiential,evaluativeandexistential”.“…thesocalledexperientialisthecleftsentences，whichiscalledpredicatedthemesbyHalliday”[13]p27
SoaccordingtothetheoryaboveIthinkthephrase“Itis”isnotthethematicbuild-up.
Besides“it”isalsoatypicalhypotacticmarkerinEnglish,whichstandsforsubjectiveclause.InEnglishsuchkindofsentencesiscommonlyusedfortheirspecialfunctions.Suchstructurecanavoidpresentingalltheimportantmassageatthebeginningofthepassage,andittakesthefunctiontomakethesentencebetterunderstood.
Theconjunctionword“then”after“notsurprising”isthesecondhypotacticmarkerinthesentence,whichmeans“so”inthesentence.Itisrightlytranslatedto“因此”toshowthecloserelationshipbetweenthissentenceandthefollowingones.InChinesetheword“因此”isusedtobethefirstwordinthesentence,whichclearlypredicateitsrelationshipwiththecontentabove.
Theword“that”isthethirdhypotacticmarkerthatfollows.“notsurprising”istheidentified,sotheword“that”clearlymarksthatthecontentafteritwillbetheobjectthattheidentifierrefersto.AsfortheChineseversionthoughitisakindofparatacticlanguage,therearealsomanyhypotacticmarkersinthefirstparagraph.Ithinkthereasonisthatthepassageselectedisscientificexpositioninsteadofessay.Weknowthatinscientificexpositionthelogicisrequiredstrictly,fortheauthorsshouldclearlystatetherelationshipbetweenthedetails.
BelowIwillselectashortsentencefromanessaytoshowtheparatacticcharacteristicsofChinese.
(3)Forexample:
Chineseoriginal:
不必說(shuō)碧綠的菜畦，光滑的石井欄，高大的皂莢樹(shù)，紫紅的桑葚……
Englishversion:
Ineednotspeakofthegreenvegetableplots,theslipperystonecopingroundthewell,thetallhoneylocusttrees,orthepurplemulberries.[14]p154
FromthecomparisonbetweentheChinesesentenceanditstranslation,wecanalsoseethefeaturesofparataxisandhypotaxis.InChinese,therearenoconjunctions,andphasesareconnectedbymeanings.
ForitsEnglishtranslation,withtheuseofhypotaxis,subjectstructuresaredecidedtobethecenterofsentencepattern,so“I”,thesubject,isadded.SowemayseefromtheexamplethatforChineseparallelstructurestheirparatacticmeaningcanbetranslatedintohypotacticconnectionaccordingtotheEnglishhabits.
FromthecomparisonabovewemayseethatEnglishandChineseformdifferentsentencestructures.Whenmakingsentences,Chinesepeoplepreferthemethodoftaxis,whilewesternpeoplepreferconstructionmethod.InEnglishsentences,manyconjunctionwordsareusedtolinksentencecomponentsaroundthesubjectandpredicate,sowemayseethesentencesareexpendedfromthecorewords.FromthiswemayseethatChineseisaparatacticlanguagethatcontainsmanyimpliedmeaningsbetweenthelines.Onlyinsimplesentencescantheauthorexpressabundantmeaningswithartisticconceptions.
3.4.2Preposition
Theprepositionincludessimpleonessuchas:with,in,ofetc.andthecompoundonessuchas:inside,onto,upon,withinetc.andphrasalprepositionsuchas:accordingto,alongwithandapartfrometc.AccordingtothestatisticbyG..Curmethereareabout286prepositionsinEnglishtotally.PrepositionisthemostactivewordclassinEnglishlanguage,whichisthemainmeanstoconnectthewords,phrasesandclauses.[15]102
R.Banderhaspointedoutthat“…Overninetypercentofprepositionusageinvolvestheseninepreposition:with,to,from,at,in,.[16]102
Thenumberofprepositioninthistranslationisasfollowings:
thefirstparagraphthesecondparagraph
NO.inEnglish2012
NO.inChinese44
Sofromthetableabovewemayseethattherearetotally32prepositionsinEnglishtoshowtheslightrelationships,whicharemorethanthatinChinese.
ButintheChineseversionthereareonly8prepositions,mostofwhicharetransferredfromverbs.GaoMingkai(高名凱)oncepointedoutthattheChinesepeopledon’tliketousetoomanyemptywordswithoutbasicmeanings,andtheyjustdisposeofthethingsandmeaningsinordertoleadthereaderstounderstandtheconnectionsbetweenthem.MostoftheChineseprepositionsare“borrowed”fromverbs,andstrictlyspeaking,fortheso-calledEuropean-orientedprepositionindeedmostofthemarenotthetrulypreposition.[17]p18AsamatteroffactChineseprepositionsareinfluencedbywesternlanguagesandseemtohavethecharacteristicofproposition.InChinesesomepropositionsareoriginallyverbssuchas“在”、“向”、“進(jìn)”、“到”、“沿”、“拿”etc.Thesepropositionsarealwaysomittedespeciallyinspokenlanguage.
(4)Forexample:
Englishoriginal:
Renewablesourcesthenwillhelptoaddressthesocialinequalityacrosstheglobethatweseeinthecurrentlymarkedandunacceptabledifferencebetweenrichandpoornationsintermsofaccesstoanduseofenergysupplies.
Chineseversion:
在能源供應(yīng)的選擇與使用方面，我們看到富國(guó)與貧國(guó)之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距，再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會(huì)不公。
IntheEnglishoriginaltheprepositionsare:to,across,in,between,in,of,toandofonebyone,whilefortheChineseversionthereareonlythreeprepositions,whichare在……方面,與……之間,于.Prepositions--thehypotacticmarkerswhicharemorecommonlyusedinEnglishcanbeclearlyseenfromthiscomparisonexample.
Butthisdoesn’tmeanthattheChinesepeoplespeakwithoutlogicalreasons,forwithoutthepropositionwecanalsounderstandthemeaningimpliedinthem.IntheChineseversionwithoutanyconjunctionsandmanyprepositionstheauthoronlysimplyconnectsthreephraseswithoutanyhypotacticmarkbetweenthem,butwecanalsofullyunderstandwhattheauthorwantstoexpress,forthereasonthatChineseisakindofparatacticlanguage.
3.4.3Otherconnectivemeans
Thethirdclassificationofso-calledotherconnectivemeansreferstomorphologicalchangingforms,suchasthemorphologicalchangingformsofaffix,gender,number,style,tense,voice,comparativeformandpersonalpronoun.etc.[18]104
(5)Forexample:
Englishoriginal:
ThepricevolatilityofAfrica’shydrocarbonimportshasplayedhavocwitheachstate’seconomyoverrecentdecadesandstymiedprogress.
Chineseversion:
最近幾十年來(lái)非洲烴進(jìn)口價(jià)格的不穩(wěn)定性已經(jīng)給各國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)造成了巨大破壞并妨礙了發(fā)展。
FromtheEnglishoriginalversionwemayseethat“’s,s,-ed”arethemorphologicalchangingforms,whicharetotallyseven.WhileintheChineseversion,theonlymorphologicalchangingformsare“的”and“了”.Chineseisakindoflanguagewithouttoomanymorphologicalchangingformsandthesubstitutewordssuchas“it”and“there”.Inaword,Chinesetrytoomittheunnecessaryformaldecorationsemphasizingparataxis,andtherearelesshypotacticusagesinChinesethanthoseinEnglish.
3.5Theconcludedstatisticalresults
WecanhaveaclearviewofthegreatdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesefromthecomparisonoftheabovetranslation,fromwhichwemayseethatEnglishisakindofsyntheticlanguage.Andthesyntheticcharacteristicistousethemorphologicalchangingformstoexpressthegrammarrelationships.ThedefinitiongivenbyWebster’sNinthNewCollegiateDictionaryis:Asyntheticlanguageis“characterizedbyfrequentandsystematicuseofinflectedformstoexpressgrammaticalrelationships.”[19]p1(Heresyntheticnearlymeanshypotaxis,whichismyowninterpretation.AsforthedetailsIwillhavetoneglectforconciseness.)
FromtheChinesetranslationversionandtheformabove,wemayseethattheChinesesentencesseldomusetheformallanguageconnectingforms.Chineseplacestheattentiononcovertcoherence.
4.Theinfluenceofthinkingpatternsonlanguagesespecially,hypotaxisandparataxis
FromthecomparisonsIpresentabovewemayseethatthedifferencesbetweenhypotaxisandparataxishaveresultedinthedifferentsentencestructuresandlanguageexpressionforms.Theformingofthesedifferences,inmyopinionmustbetracedbacktothediversityoftheirthinkingpatterns,fortheyarecloselyconnectedwiththewaytorecognizetheworldandtojudgewhatisthemostimportant.
4.1ThemaindifferentcharacteristicsofEnglishandChinese
Thedifferencesbetweenhypotaxisandparataxishavehelpedtoformthetwolanguagestheirownstyles.
InthecomparisonsandtheorystatedabovewehaveknownthatEnglishusesmanyconjunctions,prepositionsandotherconnectivemeanstomakelinksbetweenphrasesandwords,becauseofwhichthelanguageismorelogicalandbetterorganized.SoMaoRongguiholdstheopinionthatEnglishisakindoflanguagethatisfullofvirilequalities,forthecharacteroflinearlogic,organizationandration,whichhasledittobe“masculinity”.[20]p420
Ontheotherhand,Chinesehasgotitsownbeauty,whichdoesn’tpaytoomuchattentiontologicaldescriptionoftheobjectivereality.Furthermore,itisnotclingingwiththecriterionofthelanguagestructure.Chineseisakindoflanguagethatshowsthecharacterof“femininity”,andthecharmingofitliesinitsloosestructure.[21]p420
4.2Theexampleused
(6)Forexample:
Englishoriginal:
Renewablesourcesthenwillhelptoaddressthesocialinequalityacrosstheglobethatweseeinthecurrentlymarkedandunacceptabledifferencebetweenrichandpoornationsintermsofaccesstoanduseofenergysupplies.
Chineseversion:
在能源供應(yīng)的選擇與使用方面，我們看到富國(guó)與貧國(guó)之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距，再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會(huì)不公。
4.3Thedifferenceofmodeofthought
Regardingtothis,thereasonsmustbeexaminedfromthedifferentthinkingpatternsandtheirformingreasons.
ThedifferencesofphilosophyandculturalbackgroundbetweenEnglishandChinesehaveresultedintherethinkingoftheHannationalityasanentiretythinkingcountryandtheEnglishpeopleindividualcharacteristicsofthinking.
4.3.1Chinesethinkingpattern----Entirety
TheChinesepeopleareconcernedmorewiththeirownbodiesinexpressingemotions,sointuitionthinkingisthemainfeatureoftheirmodeofthought,forwhichpeoplestudyobjectsasawholeandemphasizeentirety.Chinesephilosophyissystematicalnaturalism.[22]p420
4.3.2Englishthinkingpattern----Individualism
TheEnglishpeoplelinktheirownemotiontoplanetaryinfluenceandthenaturalelements,sotheypreferanalyticallogicthinking.Targetobjectsaresubordinatedintosmallpartsinordertobescrutinized,which,ofcourse,mayleadthemtoplacethecomponentsbeforethewholewhentheytrytoknowsomething.[23]p420
4.4UsingthetheorytoanalyzetheEnglish-Chinesetranslation
IntheEnglishoriginalthesentencecomponentsareasthefollowings:
SubjectRenewablesources
Predicatewillhelptoaddress
Objectthesocialinequality
ThemostcommonlyusedwordorderforEnglishisthestrictSVO.Englishsentencestakeverbsastheircores,whicharetheircentercontrollingalltherelationshipsbetweenthesentencecomponents.Exceptthepredicateverballtheverbstaketheformofindefiniteformtomakedifferencefromthepredicateverb,andmanyprepositionsandconjunctionsareusedtoconnectthephrasescontained.ForChineseitusuallymakesgooduseofverbstogetherinonesentencetopresentthethingsonebyoneaccordingtothetimewhenthethingshappened.[24]P57
Structuralismlinguisticspromotesthetheoryofconstituentincision,whichmeanstoseparatethesentencestophraseunities.[25]p31Moreovertheyprefertheconstituentanalysis,whichmeanstoconnectallofthelanguagecomponentstootherswhentheyareanalyzed.ThiskindofmethodwillchangetheEnglishtotherecognizedobjectsfromstructures.
FromtheEnglish-Chinesecomparisonabovewemayseethatbesidesthebasiccomponents----subject,objectandpredicatetherearealsomanyothercomponentattachedclosely,whichIwilllistthembellow.
Smallcomponents:
acrosstheglobe
thatwesee
inthecurrentlymarked
andunacceptabledifference
betweenrichandpoornations
intermsofaccessto
anduse
ofenergysupplies.
AccordingtothetheoryIstatedabovewemayknowthatforEnglishthetargetobjectsaresubordinatedintosmallpartsinordertobescrutinized,which,ofcourse,mayleadthemtoplacethecomponentsbeforethewholewhentheytrytoknowsomething.Sowemayseethattheauthorformsintheirmindthedetailsoftheirrecognitionandthenconnectthemtogetherusingthelanguageforms---hypotacticmarkers.Forthesmallcomponentslistedthereareatlessahypotacticmarkertolinkitwiththecomponentsbehind,sothedescriptionismoredelicate.
TheChineseisintuitional,paringwithEnglish,Chineseismorecompactandfaintness.Inintuitionalthinkingpeoplestudyobjectsasawholeandemphasizeentirety.Sowhenpeopleareorganizingorunderstandinglanguage,theyprefertostartfromtheentiretyandgetthewholefeelingfirst.
IntheChineseversiontherearethreephrases,whichareplaceddirectlytogetherwithoutclearconjunctions.Thephrases“我們看到富國(guó)與貧國(guó)之間存在著今人難以接受的顯著差距”and“再生性能源將有助于消除這種全球性的社會(huì)不公”areuniquesentencesinChinese,butcanbedirectlyplacedtogether,whichisunacceptableinEnglish.Butthoughthereisnotanyconjunctiontolinkthemitcanalsobeclearlyunderstood.SothereaderscouldnotjudgetherelationshipfromthelanguageexpressionjustlikethatinEnglish.Inordertounderstandthemeaningsimpliedinthephrasesthereadersmustjudgefromahigherdegree----intuition.Inaword,basedonvisualizedmodeofthought,Chinesetendstoexpressabstractconceptusingparatacticformsthatcontainsmanyimpliedmeaningsbetweenthelines.Onlyinsimplesentencescantheauthorexpressabundantmeaningswithartisticconceptions.
AswhatIsaidabovethestrictSVOsentencestructureiscommonlyusedwordorderinEnglish,whilethesentencestructureforChineseisnotsostrictlyrequired.UsuallyseveralSVOstructurescanbeplacedonebyonetoexpresssomethingsinonesentenceonly.InmyownopiniontheSVOphraseisperfectlyusedtoconnectthesmallcomponentstogether,andthedetailedcomponentsarewheretheEnglishpeoplestarttheirthinking.InthisconditionIwouldliketoassimilatethepredicateverbtothetrunkofthegrapethatcombinesallthegrapestogether.WhilefortheChinesethewholeintuitionisformedatfirstandthenthephrasesareplacedonebyonewithoutusingtoomanyconnectingformsjustlikethebamboojointswhichgrowonebyone.
Wangying（王寅）thefamousprofessoroncesaidthatsomelinguisticslivelycompareEnglishstructureas“grapestructure”,forthemaintrunkofthegrapeisveryshortwithmanyfruitattachedonittoformverylongsentences.Differentfromthat,theChinesesentencesareshorter.Thephrasesareusuallyplacedonebyonetoexpresstheauthor’smeanings.Chineseinformationstructuresarejustlikethebamboojoints,withthejointsconnectedoneendbyoneend,soChineseiscalled“bamboostructure”.[26]p2
5.Conclusion
FromthecomparisonoftheEnglish-Chineselanguagesandtheirmodesofthought,wemayseethattheyareofonethingbuttwoaspects.Resultedfromdifferentculturalbackground,thedifferencesoftheirmodesofthoughthavegreatlydeterminedtheirownlanguages.Ontheotherhand,thelanguagesalsoreflectandinfluencedtheirthinkingpatterns.SoinordertolearnEnglishwellandbettermasterthetwolanguagesthethinkingpatternsshouldbestudieddeeply.Inmyownopinion,thestudyoflanguagesfromthedegreeofthinkingpatternwillgreatlybenefitthelearners.Forexample,itwillgivetheguidetotheteachingofsecondlanguageandthewritingofcomposition.Ofcoursemodeofthoughtbelongstophilosophy.Soitisaverycomplicatedconcept,andtogodeepintoitwillneedaverylongtimeandalsorequiresmanyefforts.
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